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Thulium
[Atomic number] 69
Group, block	group n/a, f-block
Period	period 6
Element category	 lanthanide
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar)	168.93422(2)1
Electron [configuration]	Xe 4f13 6s2
per shell
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
[Melting point]	1818 K (1545 °C, 2813 °F)
Boiling point	2223 K (1950 °C, 3542 °F)
Density near r.t.	9.32 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	8.56 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	16.84 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	191 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	27.03 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure
P (Pa)	1	10	100	1 k	10 k	100 k
at T (K)	1117	1235	1381	1570	(1821)	(2217)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	2, 3 (a basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.25
Ionization energies	1st: 596.7 kJ/mol
2nd: 1160 kJ/mol
3rd: 2285 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius	190±10 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	 hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for thulium
Thermal [expansion]	poly: 13.3 µm/(m·K) (at r.t.)
Thermal conductivity	16.9 W/(m·K)
[Electrical] resistivity	poly: 676 nΩ·m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic (at 300 K)
Young's modulus	74.0 GPa
Shear modulus	30.5 GPa
Bulk modulus	44.5 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.213
Vickers hardness	470–650 MPa
Brinell hardness	470–900 MPa
CAS Number	7440-30-4
History
Naming	after Thule, a mythical region in Scandinavia
Discovery and first isolation	Per Teodor Cleve (1879)

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