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stagecoach guards rode shotgun - they just didn't call it that in the 1880s, as far as anyone has yet [discovered]. The term "riding shotgun" to refer to the guard sitting next to the driver doesn't emerge from the Old West but rather from movies and TV shows about the Old West. To date no one has found a cite for "riding shotgun" during the time stagecoaches were actually used.

The earliest usage we've found in pulp fiction occurs in the March 27, 1921 issue of the Washington Post's "Magazine of Fiction," in a story entitled "The Fighting Fool" by Dane Coolidge.(See Examples)

In the classic 1939 movie Stagecoach: Curly, the sheriff, says, "I'm gonna ride shotgun," and John Wayne expresses surprise at seeing him in fact riding shotgun later. So we have references from pulp fiction and from the movies (but not from the Old West itself) using the term "riding shotgun" to refer to the stagecoach guard.

Stagecoach revived interest in westerns as a movie genre; in the 1950s they became a staple of television, too. Not [surprisingly], catchphrases from westerns soon found their way into everyday speech.

So when does "riding shotgun" get transferred from stagecoach to automobile? The Dictionary of [Americanisms] (1951) doesn't mention "riding shotgun." We're not sure whether absence of a phrase is evidence, but it's certainly [indicative]. The first usage in print relating to automobiles, is - ready? - 1954. Dropping "riding" and using the simple "shotgun" (as in "I call shotgun") to mean the passenger seat comes [in the early] 60s.

Thus, the sequence seems to be that the usage "shotgun guard" on a stagecoach in the Old West (say, the 1880s) evolved to "riding shotgun" in popular fiction about the Old West in the 1920s and 1930s, from there made its way into movies and television, was applied to automobiles in the 1950s, and finally was shortened to "shotgun" in the 1960s.

The term "shotgun" is also used colloquially to indicate an act performed under duress, as though at gunpoint. In the 1880s we read of "elections held under the shotgun system" and in 1903 we find the first reference to "[shotgun wedding]," which suggests a pregnant bride and a nervous groom [getting hitched] at the insistence of a shotgun-wielding father. Today we use [shotgun wedding] figuratively, but one suspects it may have been meant literally in 1903.

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