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The classical Marxist framework that merges Hegelian dialectics with a materialist ontology. It posits that history progresses through the clash of material contradictions—primarily class struggles rooted in the relations of production. Society evolves via thesis (existing mode of production), antithesis (opposing class forces), and synthesis (new social formation). Unlike mechanical materialism, it emphasizes that human consciousness and agency are both products of and active forces within material conditions. It rejects both idealism (ideas driving history independently) and economic determinism (crude reductionism). In practice, it analyzes how technological, economic, and social forces interact dialectically to produce revolutionary change. It remains a living method for critiquing capitalism, imperialism, and state bureaucracy.
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