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A field that studies secularism not as a simple [separation of church and state] but as a complex political and cultural project with its own histories, ideologies, and contradictions. It examines how different societies have implemented secularism (French laïcité, Indian secularism, Turkish Kemalism, American separationism), how secular policies affect [religious] and non‑religious citizens, and how secularism can itself become a kind of civil religion. The [social sciences] of secularism also analyze the rise of “political secularism” as a tool for managing religious diversity.
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