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A theoretical framework that applies critical theory's tools to understanding economic systems—not just how economies function but how they concentrate power, produce inequality, and shape consciousness. Critical economy theory goes beyond mainstream economics' focus on efficiency and growth to examine economies as sites of domination, exploitation, and struggle. It asks who benefits from economic arrangements, how economic ideology serves power, what alternatives are foreclosed by the naturalization of capitalism. Critical economy theory draws on Marxist, feminist, ecological, and decolonial traditions to understand economies as human creations that could be created differently—not natural systems to be optimized but power-laden institutions to be transformed.
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