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The [mother of all] present-day [european] [languages]. [Originated] in India.

Indo-European [Language] Subfamilies:

* Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian)
* Hellenic (Greek)
* Armenian (Western Armenian, Eastern Armenian)
* Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Czech, Lithuanian)
* Albanian (Gheg, Tosk)
* Celtic (Irish Gaelic, Welsh)
* Italic (Latin, Spanish, Italian, French)
* Germanic (German, English, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, [Norwegian])
* Anatolian (extinct) (Hittite)
* Tocharian (extinct) (Tocharian A, Tocharian B)

Language Similarities:

* Indo-European voiceless stops (p, t, k) became Germanic voiceless fricatives (f, th, h):

o Indo-European pœter, Germanic (English) father (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin pater)

o Indo-European treyes, Germanic (English) three (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin tres)

o Indo-European kerd, Germanic (English) heart, (compare with non-Germanic: Latin cord)

* Indo-European voiced stops (b, d, g) became Germanic voiceless stops (p, t, k):

o Indo-European abel, Germanic (English) apple (contrast with non-Germanic: Russian jabloko)

o Indo-European dent, Germanic (English) tooth (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin dentis)

o Indo-European grœno, Germanic (English) corn (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin granum)

* voiced aspirated stops(bh, dh, gh) to voiced stops (b, d, g):

o Indo-European bhrater, Germanic (English) brother (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin frater)

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