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A framework that studies systems composed of many interacting components whose collective behavior is more than the sum of parts, evolves over time, and often exhibits non‑linearity, feedback loops, emergence, and sensitivity to initial conditions. It applies to ecosystems, economies, societies, neural networks, and climates. The theory rejects reductionist approaches that try to explain system behavior by analysing isolated components. Instead, it focuses on relationships, interactions, and patterns.
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