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The tradition rooted in Aristotelian logic, scholasticism, and early modern rationalism, emphasizing the law of non‑contradiction, the excluded middle, and the priority of deduction. Classical logico‑epistemology treats logic as a set of necessary, universal rules that any rational being must follow. It is often associated with foundationalism in epistemology, where knowledge rests on indubitable first principles. It contrasts with non‑classical, paraconsistent, or relativistic approaches.
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