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A tradition of logical and epistemological inquiry rooted in classical Indian philosophy, particularly the Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, and Mīmāṃsā schools. Hindu logico‑epistemology examines valid sources of knowledge (pramāṇas: perception, inference, comparison, testimony), the nature of fallacies, and the structure of debate. It differs from Western logic by its close integration with metaphysics, soteriology, and the analysis of verbal testimony as a legitimate epistemic source. It also developed sophisticated theories of negation, universals, and the self. Rediscovered in modern scholarship, it offers an alternative to Greco‑European logical frameworks.
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