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A philosophy of science that applies dialectical logic to the history and practice of science. It views scientific progress as driven by internal contradictions: between theory and observation, between competing paradigms, between prediction and result. These contradictions generate crises (antitheses) that are resolved by new syntheses (more comprehensive theories). Unlike Popperian falsification (which sees science as conjecture and refutation), dialectical science theory emphasizes that progress often occurs through the merging of opposing viewpoints. It draws on Hegel, Marx, and Engels, and has influenced evolutionary biology, physics, and social science.
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