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A theoretical framework distinguishing between pathological relativism (the claim that anything goes, no truth matters, all perspectives are equally valid) and valid forms of relativism that acknowledge genuine contextual variation in truth practices. Valid relativism recognizes that different cultures, communities, and contexts have developed different ways of knowing, different standards of evidence, different criteria for what counts as true—and that these differences are not simply errors to be corrected but legitimate adaptations to different circumstances. It doesn't claim that all truth claims are equally valid; it claims that judgments about validity must attend to context, that what works as truth in one setting may not in another, and that genuine understanding requires taking these differences seriously.
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