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Counterfactual reasoning that is not just justified but essential—without it, certain questions cannot be asked or answered. Necessary Counterfactuality arises when we must imagine alternatives to understand the present or shape the future. How can we know if a policy worked without imagining what would have happened without it? How can we evaluate a leader without imagining alternatives? In online political debates, necessary counterfactuals are those we cannot avoid—they're built into the questions we're asking. The task is not to eliminate them but to handle them responsibly, with humility about their limits.
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