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Systematic distortions that arise from the way rationality is defined, valued, and deployed in different contexts. Rational Biases include: assuming that rationality is universal rather than culturally specific; treating emotional responses as inherently irrational; privileging instrumental reason (means-end calculation) over other forms of reason; assuming that rational actors exist in economic theory; using "rational" as a term of approval rather than a description. Rational Biases shape not just how we think but how we judge thinking—in ourselves and others.
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