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In the study of mind and brain, spectral variables are the unmeasured factors that shape cognitive performance, neural activity, and behavioral data. These include the participant's caffeine level, whether they ate breakfast, their mood from a text received right before the study, their unconscious expectations about what the researcher wants, and the entire lifetime of experience that precedes the 45 minutes they spend in your lab. Cognitive science that ignores spectral variables mistakes the brain in the scanner for the brain in the world. The ghosts are always there, whispering to your subjects while you measure their reaction times.
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