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The unacknowledged factors that determine what counts as evidence, how evidence is weighted, and which evidence gets collected in the first place. These include funding sources (studies on topics that get funding), publication bias (positive results get published), availability (what's easy to measure gets measured), and narrative fit (evidence that tells a good story gets amplified). Spectral variables in evidence mean that the evidence you have is never the whole story—it's always haunted by the evidence you don't have, couldn't get, or didn't think to look for. Good researchers don't just present evidence; they try to map the ghosts in their archive.
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