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Techniques designed to maximize the yield of desired resources (water, metals, volatiles) from raw materials (ore, regolith, atmosphere) while minimizing energy input, waste, and environmental footprint. In space, efficiency is survival—every joule of energy and kilogram of mass is precious. Methods include in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) like using solar ovens to bake oxygen out of lunar soil, electrochemical processing of asteroid ore, or passive wind-traps to collect atmospheric moisture on Mars.
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