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The problem of external validity (the "lab vs. world" gap). Controlled studies, especially [randomized] controlled trials (RCTs), are the gold standard for establishing causality. But to achieve control, you must isolate variables in an artificial, simplified [environment]. The hard problem is that this very act of control often strips away the real-world context, complexity, and interactions that determine how a treatment or phenomenon actually functions [in the wild]. What works perfectly in a double-blind RCT might fail or cause harm in a messy society because people aren't lab rats and the world isn't a sterile cage.
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