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The mother of all present-day european languages. Originated in India. Indo-European Language Subfamilies: * Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian) * Hellenic (Greek) * Armenian (Western Armenian, Eastern Armenian) * Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish, Czech, Lithuanian) * Albanian (Gheg, Tosk) * Celtic (Irish Gaelic, Welsh) * Italic (Latin, Spanish, Italian, French) * Germanic (German, English, Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian) * Anatolian (extinct) (Hittite) * Tocharian (extinct) (Tocharian A, Tocharian B) Language Similarities: * Indo-European voiceless stops (p, t, k) became Germanic voiceless fricatives (f, th, h): o Indo-European pœter, Germanic (English) father (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin pater) o Indo-European treyes, Germanic (English) three (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin tres) o Indo-European kerd, Germanic (English) heart, (compare with non-Germanic: Latin cord) * Indo-European voiced stops (b, d, g) became Germanic voiceless stops (p, t, k): o Indo-European abel, Germanic (English) apple (contrast with non-Germanic: Russian jabloko) o Indo-European dent, Germanic (English) tooth (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin dentis) o Indo-European grœno, Germanic (English) corn (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin granum) * voiced aspirated stops(bh, dh, gh) to voiced stops (b, d, g): o Indo-European bhrater, Germanic (English) brother (contrast with non-Germanic: Latin frater)
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